63 research outputs found
Fitness Uniform Optimization
In evolutionary algorithms, the fitness of a population increases with time
by mutating and recombining individuals and by a biased selection of more fit
individuals. The right selection pressure is critical in ensuring sufficient
optimization progress on the one hand and in preserving genetic diversity to be
able to escape from local optima on the other hand. Motivated by a universal
similarity relation on the individuals, we propose a new selection scheme,
which is uniform in the fitness values. It generates selection pressure toward
sparsely populated fitness regions, not necessarily toward higher fitness, as
is the case for all other selection schemes. We show analytically on a simple
example that the new selection scheme can be much more effective than standard
selection schemes. We also propose a new deletion scheme which achieves a
similar result via deletion and show how such a scheme preserves genetic
diversity more effectively than standard approaches. We compare the performance
of the new schemes to tournament selection and random deletion on an artificial
deceptive problem and a range of NP-hard problems: traveling salesman, set
covering and satisfiability.Comment: 25 double-column pages, 12 figure
A Formal Measure of Machine Intelligence
A fundamental problem in artificial intelligence is that nobody really knows
what intelligence is. The problem is especially acute when we need to consider
artificial systems which are significantly different to humans. In this paper
we approach this problem in the following way: We take a number of well known
informal definitions of human intelligence that have been given by experts, and
extract their essential features. These are then mathematically formalised to
produce a general measure of intelligence for arbitrary machines. We believe
that this measure formally captures the concept of machine intelligence in the
broadest reasonable sense.Comment: 8 two-column page
A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence
This paper is a survey of a large number of informal definitions of
``intelligence'' that the authors have collected over the years. Naturally,
compiling a complete list would be impossible as many definitions of
intelligence are buried deep inside articles and books. Nevertheless, the
70-odd definitions presented here are, to the authors' knowledge, the largest
and most well referenced collection there is.Comment: 12 LaTeX page
Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence
A fundamental problem in artificial intelligence is that nobody really knows
what intelligence is. The problem is especially acute when we need to consider
artificial systems which are significantly different to humans. In this paper
we approach this problem in the following way: We take a number of well known
informal definitions of human intelligence that have been given by experts, and
extract their essential features. These are then mathematically formalised to
produce a general measure of intelligence for arbitrary machines. We believe
that this equation formally captures the concept of machine intelligence in the
broadest reasonable sense. We then show how this formal definition is related
to the theory of universal optimal learning agents. Finally, we survey the many
other tests and definitions of intelligence that have been proposed for
machines.Comment: 50 gentle page
From academia to industry: The story of Google DeepMind
Shane Legg left academia to cofound DeepMind Technologies in 2010, along with Demis Hassabis and Mustafa Suleyman. Their vision was to bring together cutting edge machine learning and systems neuroscience in order to create artificial agents with general intelligence. Following investments from a number of famous technology entrepreneurs, including Peter Thiel and Elon Musk, they assembled a team of world class researchers with backgrounds in systems neuroscience, deep learning, reinforcement learning and Bayesian statistics. In early 2014 DeepMind made international business headlines after it was acquired by Google. In this talk Shane covers some of the history behind DeepMind, his experience making the transition from academia to industry, how Google DeepMind performs research and finally some demos of the artificial agents that are under development
Tournament versus Fitness Uniform Selection
In evolutionary algorithms a critical parameter that must be tuned is that of
selection pressure. If it is set too low then the rate of convergence towards
the optimum is likely to be slow. Alternatively if the selection pressure is
set too high the system is likely to become stuck in a local optimum due to a
loss of diversity in the population. The recent Fitness Uniform Selection
Scheme (FUSS) is a conceptually simple but somewhat radical approach to
addressing this problem - rather than biasing the selection towards higher
fitness, FUSS biases selection towards sparsely populated fitness levels. In
this paper we compare the relative performance of FUSS with the well known
tournament selection scheme on a range of problems.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure
Portfolio Selection with Narrow Framing: Probability Weighting Matters
This paper extends the model with narrow framing suggested by Barberis and Huang (2009) to also account for probability weighting and a convex-concave value function in the specification of cumulative prospect theory preferences on narrowly framed assets. We show that probability weighting is needed in order that investors reduce their holding of narrowly framed risky assets in the presence of negative skewness and high Sharpe ratios, which are typical characteristics of stock index returns. The model with framing and probability weighting can thus explain the stock participation puzzle under realistic assumptions on stock market returns. We also show that a convex-concave value function generates wealth effects that are consistent with empirical observations on stock market participation. Finally, we address the asset pricing implications of probability weighting in the model with narrow framing and show that in the case of negative skewness the equity premium of narrowly framed assets is much higher than when probability weighting is not taken into account.Narrow framing, cumulative prospect theory, probability weighting function,negative skewness, simulation methods
Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence
A fundamental problem in artificial intelligence is that nobody really knows what intelligence is. The problem is especially acute when we need to consider artificial systems which are significantly different to humans. In this paper we approach this problem in the following way: we take a number of well known informal definitions of human intelligence that have been given by experts, and extract their essential features. These are then mathematically formalised to produce a general measure of intelligence for arbitrary machines. We believe that this equation formally captures the concept of machine intelligence in the broadest reasonable sense. We then show how this formal definition is related to the theory of universal optimal learning agents. Finally, we survey the many other tests and definitions of intelligence that have been proposed for machine
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